3 essential checks to do before buying ASX shares

Assessing a company's debt levels is just 1 of the essential checks I do when buying ASX shares. Find out the other 2 precautions I take.

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It's all well and good to decide to buy ASX shares. But so often, investors think they know a company and its associated risks well, only to be caught short later on. Of course, we can't account for all possible outcomes – you can't blame anyone investing in Qantas Airways Limited (ASX: QAN) in January 2020 for not seeing the full impacts of the coronavirus pandemic, for instance. But we can take steps to mitigate the possible risks of investing in a business by putting the company under the microscope.

So here are 3 'checks' I like to go through in a business before I decide if an investment is worthwhile and risk-averse enough.

1) Debt

One thing you can't take with a pinch of salt when investing is a company's debt levels. Debt is a major catalyst for companies going into bankruptcy, so it pays to consider how much debt a company has before buying its ASX share. Now, some businesses need debt in order to function in its chosen market. It would be almost impossible for a mining company or a real estate investment trust (REIT) to operate without debt, for instance.

But if a company has a mountain of debt that it doesn't really need, it's a massive red flag in my books. So when you're assessing your next potential investment, have a look to see how much debt its carrying and think about how it might manage to service this debt if there was a major economic crisis. A good place to start is the debt-to-equity ratio (D/E) where more debt than equity is a bad thing.

2) How does it sit with its competitors

Ideally, I like to buy shares of a business that dominates its field. The market leader will usually have several advantages going for it, such as brand loyalty and pricing power that stems from this loyalty. In contrast, a lesser competitor will often be throwing money at discounting its products to try and compete, which ends up weakening the business's long-term strength. I usually try and buy the ASX share with the biggest advantage in an industry. There's nothing wrong with backing a winner in investing.

3) Are its shares cheap?

This one seems obvious, but too often investors will want to own a company so much that they will pay a price that doesn't make sense from an investing perspective. Warren Buffett's right-hand man Charlie Munger once said, "no company, no matter how wonderful, is worth an infinite price". Wise words from a wise man.

Buying ASX shares in a great company doesn't equate to a good investment on its own. You also have to make sure there's a reasonable chance your investment will give you a decent return over the long run, and buying something that's overvalued greatly reduced the chances of this. So always be careful about how much growth you're paying for in a share price. If you're paying a price that is assuming 20 years of high-octane growth, the chances of something going wrong are high.

Motley Fool contributor Sebastian Bowen has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool Australia has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy. This article contains general investment advice only (under AFSL 400691). Authorised by Scott Phillips.

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